湖南省长沙市雅礼实高2022-2023学年高三上学期11月第三次月考英语试题

阅读理解

Since early May 2022, cases of monkeypox (猴痘) have been reported from countries where the disease is not endemic(地方性流行的), and continue to be reported in several endemic countries. Most confirmed cases with travel history reported travel to countries in Europe and North America, rather than West or Central Africa where the monkeypox virus is endemic. This is the first time that many monkeypox cases and clusters have been reported concurrently in non-endemic and endemic countries in widely disparate geographical areas. Click here for more information.

WHO is collaborating with health authorities to prevent further spread of the disease. We are issuing guidance to help countries on surveillance, laboratory work, clinical care, infection prevention and control, as well as risk communication and community engagement to inform communities at risk and the broader general public about monkeypox and how to keep safe.

You can catch monkeypox through close contact with someone who has symptoms. Close contact includes skin-to-skin; face-to-face; mouth-to-skin; and mouth-to-mouth. You can also catch monkeypox from contaminated bedding, towels, surfaces or objects.

Protect yourself

• If someone you know is diagnosed with or has suspected monkeypox, avoid close contact with them

• Know the symptoms and check yourself regularly

• If you have symptoms, seek health advice and self-isolate while you wait to get tested

• Get vaccinated if it is available to you

• Clean and disinfect environments that could have been contaminated with the virus from someone who is infectious

• Stay informed about monkeypox in your area

• Have open, non-judgmental conversations with people you come into close contact with about any symptoms you or they may have

Protect others if you are recovering from monkeypox at home

• Isolate in a separate room

• Use a separate bathroom, or clean and disinfect it (with household disinfectant) after each use

• Clean hands frequently using soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer

• Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces and objects

• Avoid sweeping and vacuuming

• Use separate dishes, cups, bedding, towels and electronics

• Do your own laundry. Put everything in a plastic bag before carrying it to the washing machine. Use soap and water > 60 degrees.

• Open windows

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The Supreme Court decided to overturn Roe v Wade, starting a fresh battle in this decades-long fight over abortion. In a 6-3 ruling, the court found that there was no constitutional right to abortion, turning the decision of whether to allow abortions or not up to the states. Millions of women are now expected to lose access.

This decision was based on their interpretation of constitutional law, but it's also deeply political. When the court overturns a previous ruling it inevitably looks to critics to be more political than constitutional.

The court has a 6-3 conservative super majority, thanks to the three justices appointed by Donald Trump. He made a specific campaign promise to appoint judges who would overturn Roe v Wade — and those appointments will probably be his most lasting legacy.

Now that Roe v Wade is overturned, 26 states could further restrict abortion access, including 13 states that have passed so-called trigger laws, which would introduce bans immediately upon the court's decision.

Democratic-controlled states like California and New York will cast themselves as abortion sanctuaries, welcoming women from places where the procedure has been outlawed. There are 20 states in all where abortion will remain a protected right. About 26.5 million women of childbearing age live in those states.

As abortion clinics close down in states that have outlawed the practice many more are expected to open near state borders in places where it is still allowed. Those who don't have the time or money to travel may resort to other means — such as ordering abortion-inducing pills online — even if it is illegal.

There were somewhere between 600,000 and 800,000 abortions in the US in 2019. According to the Center for Disease Control, about one in six pregnancies end in abortion, and over 90% occur in the first trimester(妊娠头三个月). Over half of women who get abortions are already mothers, and for most, it is their first abortion.

Further fights may be ahead over how this ruling affects certain types of contraception(避孕) or IVF treatment. And some have questioned whether similar legal arguments can be used to undermine same-sex marriage.

America today feels like one country that contains two very separate nations, inhabited by two tribes that have completely different values, beliefs and goals. Now, they have just moved farther apart.

(Roe v Wade案是美国最高院1973年宣判的一个案子，它通过借道隐私权，确认了美国宪法保障女性的堕胎权。)

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Housing officials say that lately they are noticing something different: students seem to lack the will and the skill, to address ordinary conflicts. "We have students who are mad at each other and they text each other in the same room," says a teacher. "So many of our roommate conflicts are because kids don't know how to negotiate a problem."

And as any pop psychologist will tell you, bottled emotions lead to silent discontent that can boil over into frustration and anger. At the University of Florida, emotional outbursts occur about once a week, the university's director of housing and residence education says. "It used to be: 'Let's sit down and talk about it.'" he says. "Over the past five years, roommate conflicts have increased. The students don't have the person-to-person discussions and they don't know how to handle them." The problem is most dramatic among freshmen; housing professionals say they see improvement as students move toward graduation, but some never seem to catch on, and they worry about how such students will deal with conflicts after college.

Administrators speculate that reliance on cell phones and the Internet may have made it easier for young people to avoid uncomfortable encounters. Why express anger in person when you can vent in a text? "Things are posted on someone's wall on Facebook: Oh, my roommate kept me up all night studying," says Dana Pysz, an assistant director in the office of residential life at the University of California, Los Angeles. "It's a different way to express their conflict to each other, consequently creating even more frictions as complaints go public." In recent focus groups at North Carolina State University, dorm residents said they would not even confront noisy neighbors on their floor.

Administrators point to parents who have fixed their children's problems in their entire lives. Now in college, the children lack the skills to attend to even modest conflicts. Some parents continue to interfere on campus.

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If you're reaching for the last piece of pizza at a party, and meanwhile see another hand going for it, your next move probably depends on how you feel and whom the hand belongs to. Your little sister — you might just grab the pizza. Your boss — you probably will give up.

Now researchers have made progress in understanding how mammals' brain encodes social rank and uses this information to shape behaviors — such as whether to fight for the last pizza slice. They discovered that an area of the brain called the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was responsible for representing social rank in mammals; changes to a mouse's mPFC affected its dominance behavior. But it was unknown how the mPFC represented this information and which neurons(神经元) were involved in changing dominance behaviour.

In the new study, Professor Kay Tye let groups of four mice share a cage. Some mice became more dominant and others more subordinate. As soon as the mice were paired up, he discovered, the activity of their mPFC neurons could predict — with 90 percent certainty — the rank of their opponent.

"We expected animals might only signal rank when they are in a competition," says co-researcher Nancy. "But it turns out animals walk around with this representation of social rank all the time."

When the researchers next asked whether the activity of the mPFC neurons was associated with behaviour, they found something surprising. The brain activity patterns were linked with slight changes in behaviour, such as how fast a mouse moved, and they also could predict — a full 30 seconds before the competition started — which mouse would win the food reward.

The winner was not always the more dominant, but the one engaged in a winning mindset. Just as you might sometimes be in a more competitive mood and be more likely to snatch that pizza slice before your boss, a subordinate mouse might be in a more winning mindset than a more dominant mouse and end up winning.

The areas of the mPFC associated with social rank and winning mindset are next to one another and highly connected. Signals on social rank impact the state of the brain involved in winning mindset. In other words, a subordinate mouse's confidence and winning mindset may partially decrease when faced with a dominant one.

"This is further evidence to suggest that we are in different brain states when we are with others compared to when we're alone," says Tye.

阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

If you are someone who struggles with exam anxiety, know that you aren't alone.

If you are always successful, you may not learn much.  Scientists have found that being wrong 15 percent of the time is the secret to learning new things. Although nobody likes to fail, scientists have long suspected that people learnt better when they were challenged to learn something just outside of their existing knowledge.

Make a task too hard and participants will give up without learning any new skills, but if it is too easy, they will also not pick up anything useful.  To find out where the "sweet spot" lies, researchers at the University of Arizona conducted a series of machine-learning experiments in which they taught computers simple tasks, such as picking whether a number was odd(奇数的) or even(偶数的). They found that when the error rate was 15 percent, the computers learnt fastest.

 It could help teachers adapt their classes to the right level. If the teachers give really easy examples, you get 100 percent right all the time.  If they give really hard examples, you still won't learn anything new. Only when you are at this "sweet spot" can you get the most information from each particular example.

 You shouldn't be disappointed if you aren't 100% right all the time. If you are taking classes that are too easy, then you aren't probably getting as much out of a class as someone who's struggling but managing to keep up.

A. Accept challenges bravely. B. Then there's nothing left to learn. C. The more difficult the task, the better. D. In this way, you can maximize your learning. E. But that "sweet spot" has always been unknown. F. Some studies have shown that failure is not a bad thing. G. The scientists have named it "The 85 percent rule".

阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

It was Christmas 1961. I was teaching in a small town where my third graders eagerly 1 the great day of gifts giving.

Each day all the children except one girl produced some new wonder to be hung from the ceiling. Through it all she remained 2, watching from afar, seemingly miles away. I wondered what had happened to this once so 3 but now so suddenly withdrawn child. I hoped the festivities would 4 her. But nothing did. We made cards and gifts for everyone. As my gift to them, I made each of my students a little bag. Of course, I knew they had each made something for me.

The day of gift-giving finally came. We oohed and aahed over our handiwork as the presents were 5. Through it all, she sat quietly watching. I had made a special bag for her, red and green with white lace, hoping very much to see her 6. She opened the package so slowly and carefully. I waited but she 7. I had not cracked the wall of 8 she had built around herself.

After school the children left in little groups. She lingered when I sat down to catch my breath. 9, she came to me with outstretched hands, 10 a small white box, unwrapped and slightly soiled, as though it had been held many times by 11, childish hands. "For me?" I asked with a weak smile. She said nothing, but nodded. I opened it 12. There inside, a shiny glass marble hung from a faded golden chain. In a flash I knew — she had made it for her mother who died just three weeks before and would never again hear her childish joys or sorrows.

She took the chain in both her hands, reached forward, and 13 the simple clasp(扣环) at the back of my neck. I looked down at the gift, then back at the giver. I 14 it when I whispered, "Oh, Maria, it is so beautiful. She would have loved it." She stumbled into my arms and we wept together. And for that brief moment I became her mother, for she had given me the greatest gift of all: 15.

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

On a table at his home in Rosetta, a port city in  (north) Egypt, self-taught artist Ibrahim Bilal displayed a variety of his signature mini sculptures  (make) with pencil tips.

With about 80 works  (feature) landmarks and famous people in Egypt and beyond,  30-year-old artist said he  (inspire) four years ago to thoroughly grasp the art form after watching videos of a Chinese artist carving pencil lead(铅笔芯) into sculptures.

Fond of ancient Egyptian icons(图标), Bilal dedicated one of his earliest works to the world-famous Rosetta Stone, an ancient Egyptian relic  (accidental) discovered in his city and has been kept in the British Museum.

Bilal uses a microscope for an enlarged view, a set of pen cutters or carving detail  (knife), and quality pencils  are mostly made in Germany or China while working. Through his hands, landmarks across the globe, including the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, appear on the pencil tips. The size of each sculpture is no more  6 mm unless it is a tower. And each takes an average of 10 hours  (finish).

假定你是李华，是学校国学社（Traditional Chinese Culture Club）社长，想邀请外教Kris一起参观中国剪纸（paper-cutting）艺术展。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：

1）展览时间、地点；

2）展览内容。

注意：

1）写作词数应为80左右：

2）请按如下格式作答。

阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Grandfather was a wise and honorable man. His house was not far from ours, and I would visit him often going home after school.

No matter how rotten I had been, I could tell Grandpa anything. My secrets were safe. Whenever there was a problem, he gave me the tools to fix it. I knew I would always find the best answer from him. He always understood. He loved me.

I remember a time when a bunch of us were playing baseball in the field behind Mrs. Ferguson's house. I hit one pitch(投球) just right and slammed! It was a home run(全垒打) that soared high and away, and ended up breaking Old Lady Ferguson's kitchen window! We all ran! Walking home, my best friend, Tom, asked, "How will she ever know who did it? She's blinder than a bat!" He had a point.

I was afraid that Mrs. Ferguson would stay mad at me, so I ran. I didn't know what she would do. I tried to calm down. However, my stomach was in knots(痉挛). On the way home, I imagined that she was a mean witch chasing me, and the further way I ran, the larger she grew... until finally she towered over the whole town, seeing my every move with an evil eye. Thoughts rushed through my mind. Would Mrs. Ferguson stay mad at me? Would she call police? Worse still, would she tell my parents I couldn't even imagine the disappointment on Mom and Dad's face. They were hoping I would act honestly and in a responsible way.

I decided to stop by Grandpa's. I felt ashamed. I wanted to hide. I wanted to knock my head against a tree a thousand times and make the world just go away — as if punishing myself could undo(消除) things.

"I would tell everything to Grandpa," a voice inside me said.

"I was wrong." I told him, with my head down. He must have known something was up by the expression on my face. He knew we had been warned many times about the dangers of playing where we shouldn't.

注意：

1）续写词数应为150左右；

2）请按如下格式作答。