【备战2023高考英语】全国乙卷真题变式：02 阅读理解·人物故事类

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In 1916, two girls of wealthy families, best friends from Auburn, N. Y.—Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood—traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a one-room schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead, Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted: The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden, who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruff's granddaughter.

Why did they go then? Well, they wanted to do something useful. Soon, however, they realized what they had undertaken.

They moved in with a local family, the Harrisons, and, like them, had little privacy, rare baths, and a blanket of snow on their quilt when they woke up in the morning. Some mornings, Rosamond and Dorothy would arrive at the schoolhouse to find the children weeping from the cold. In spring, the snow was replaced by mud over ice.

In Wickenden's book, she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism, which of course influenced the girls' decision to go to Elkhead. A hair-raising section concerns the building of the railroads, which entailed（牵涉）drilling through the Rockies, often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothy's return to Auburn.

Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism（坚忍）of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff, on her horse, looking down from a hill top: "When the sun slipped behind the mountains, it shed a rosy glow all around them. Then a full moon rose. The snow was marked only by small animals: foxes, coyotes, mice, and varying hares, which turned white in the winter."

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One of the greatest contributors to the first Oxford English Dictionary was also one of its most unusual. In 1879, Oxford University in England asked Prof. James Murray to serve as editor for what was to be the most ambitious dictionary in the history of the English language. It would include every English word possible and would give not only the definition but also the history of the word and quotations showing how it was used.

This was a huge task, so Murray had to find volunteers from Britain, the United States, and the British colonies to search every newspaper, magazine, and book ever written in English. Hundreds of volunteers responded, including William Chester Minor. Dr. Minor was an American surgeon who had served in the Civil War and was now living in England. He gave his address as "Broadmoor, Crowthorne, Berkshire, "50 miles from Oxford.

Minor joined the army of volunteers sending words and quotations to Murray. Over the next 17 years, he became one of the staff's most valued contributors.

But he was also a mystery. In spite of many invitations, he would always decline to visit Oxford. So in 1897, Murray finally decided to travel to Crowthorne himself. When he arrived, he found Minor locked in a book-lined cell at the Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane.

Murray and Minor became friends, sharing their love of words. Minor continued contributing to the dictionary, sending in more than 10, 000 submissions in 20 years. Murray continued to visit Minor regularly, sometimes taking walks with him around the asylum grounds. In 1910, Minor left Broadmoor for an asylum in his native America. Murray was at the port to wave goodbye to his remarkable friend.

Minor died in 1920, seven years before the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was completed. The 12 volumes defined 414, 825 words, and thousands of them were contributions from a very scholarly and devoted asylum patient.

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Matt Doogue, a 34-year-old nature photographer, had been suffering from depression when he first found his passion for taking pictures of insects and his work is now featured in National Geographic. He says that he tried to take his own life nine years ago afterhitting rock bottom."In the beginning, I was so paranoid(多疑的) and angry that I couldn't leave the house," says Doogue. "When I attempted to end my life, I knew I needed to see someone. I went to the doctors and got treatment, but I know that I needed something more and that's when I started photography. "

Now a dad of two, Doogue found that looking at insects through a camera helped him in ways he could never have imagined and it proved to be the lifeline he needed. It had a calming effect that helped him to disconnect from stress. And his astonishing images, showing insects and spiders in amazing detail against brightly colored backgrounds, caught the eye of publishers at National Geographic. "I ended up as one of their featured photographers," recalled Doogue. "It was the peak of my career. It was incredible. "

Originally from Salford, Greater Manchester, he now lives in Armadale, West Lothian, Scotland. Though he fears that Scotland is in the middle of an epidemic of male suicide, he believes that sharing his love of nature photography can help others to cope with their mental health issues as well. "I think the problem is this man-up approach; the idea that men need to be strong puts so much pressure on young males to be fine all the time," says Doogue. "This is why I try and be so open about my own experience. Whenever I am out with my camera, I don't think about my other worries. It is just me and the environment around me. You can lose yourself in a spider making its web. "

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Edward O. Wilson who died on Dec. 26, 2021 at the age of 92, was an extraordinary scholar in every sense of the word. By the time I met him in 1982, he'd made great contributions to science. For example, he discovered the chemical means by which ants communicate. He worked out the importance of the habitat size and position in protecting animals.

In 1982 I cautiously sat down next to the great man during a break at a small conference on social insects. He turned, extended his hand and said, "Hi, I'm Ed Wilson. I don't believe we've met. "Then we talked until it was time to get back to the meeting. Three hours later I approached him again. He turned, extended his hand and said, "Hi, I'm Ed Wilson. I don't believe we've met. "

Wilson forgot me but remained friendly. I was fresh out of graduate school, while Wilson was already very famous. Yet he didn't hesitate to extend his hand to me, not once but twice.

My work studying native plants and insects was inspired by Wilson's descriptions of biodiversity. His 1992book, The Diversity of Life, became the basis for an eventual tum in my career path. Throughout his career, Wilson communicated the urgent need to preserve the natural world. As I see it, the only way to realize Wilson's lifelong wish is to bury the idea that humans are here and nature is someplace else. Providing a practical plan for protecting the earth has been my goal for the last 20 years, and I'm honored that it mixes with Wilson's thought.

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Pasang Lhamu Sherpa Akita is an elite(精英)climber and has climbed Mount Qomolangma and Chogori (the second highest mount in the world). In 2016, she was chosen as Nation-al Geographic's Adventurer of the Year. Since the birth of her son, her climbing has taken a back seat, but she would like to set out to inspire him.

Pasang is a skilled climber, having climbed Mount Qomolangma and Chogori. But to get there she had to overcome unbelievable adversity, as in Sherpa culture climbing is viewed as amole activity. People would say she shouldn't be with men and climb that rock.

Then when she had her first child, Ei-chan Nurbu, she faced fresh challenges because she was cxpcctcd to stay at home and look after him as this was viewed as the mother's responsi-bility. It's difficult for her to balance(平衡)this with the climbing. But Pasang said that she wanted to inspire her son and show him that he should follow his dreams, so on his second birthday, November 14, 2019, she climbed Cholatse—a 6, 440-meter-high mountain in the Qomolangma region.

Pasang said, "I learned so many things from my mother. She was single. She raised two kids by herself. She never went to school. From her, I saw how a woman can be strong. I have big respect for all the mothers, because the mothers are very strong. They're always there for their children. They sacrifice (牺牲)their dreams for children. Everybody should have their dreams. Now, I'm a mother, but I'm still having my dreams. Everybody has a right to realize their dreams. Most importantly, want to inspire my son to follow his dreams. "

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A Ghanaian man who once made jewelry from glass is now using old glass to make new art. He hopes to reduce glass waste and help the environment in his country. If glass artist Michael Tetteh can earn some money by doing it, he will be happy, too.

Tetteh learned the art of glass blowing during a visit to Europe in 2012. He went to see people who knew about glass blowing in the Netherlands and France and learned to make many-colored, artistic flower holders or water carriers. Many years later, Tetteh has his own workplace where he melts broken glass from waste centers and turns it into art. He looks for broken glass from old televisions or bottles and melts it down in a large round container known as a kiln(窑). The kiln gets very hot, nearly 1, 500 ℃, and turns the old glass into hot liquid.

Tetteh works in the area called Odumase-Krobo and trains other glass blowers in his shop. He learned how to make his equipment by watching videos on a computer. He said he is trying to follow the designs of well-known American glass artist Dale Chihuly. Over the years, he has gotten better at the work. Now Tetteh's pieces are sold in shops in Ghana and Ivory Coast. Some of his works are also sold in art stores in Europe and the U.S.

“My heart wants to train young Ghanaians, both men and women, so they can learn this job," he said.

If he can teach more people to make art pieces from glass, more people would get benefit from it. Ghana imports about $300 million worth of glass and pottery each year.

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Since the age of 5,Laura Lee has had what most would consider an odd habit-she collects toilet rolls. At that time, she didn't know this habit would eventually become a nationwide recycling campaign.

In December 2018, as a 16-year-old student of Nanyang Girls' High School in Singapore, Lee founded ToiletRollSG, a national project that aims to collect 1,000 kilograms of cardboard cylinders（纸 筒）-or about 150,000 pieces． As of February of 2021, Lee, who was studying at Hwa Chong Institution， had collected 860 kg of toilet rolls, reported Singapore Today. Slightly later, she was awarded Singapore's National Environment Agency's Ecofriend Awards, which recognizes individuals for their contributions to the environment, under the Youth and Students category.

But why did she choose toilet rolls? "They are convenient to collect and also one of the purest forms of waste to recycle because they are made of only one material," Lee told Singapore Today. "Project must be economically practical too. For example, it's more difficult to recycle pens because they are made up of too many different materials like rubber casings （橡胶外壳），metals and plastics which require more resources to separate. "

Lee went into a partnership with the waste management firm Veolia, which gives her five cents for every 1 kg of toilet rolls collected.

She organized "toilet roll challenges" within Nanyang Girls' High School and worked with cleaners to collect used toilet rolls from school toilets. She also conducted talks about ToiletRollSG. But due to COVID-19, she has been unable to conduct physical talks, so she raises awareness about different social causes through her Instagram Live series called On A Roll.

One of the biggest challenges Lee has faced has been others doubting her due to her young age. "I always have to use my actions as well as the different things I've done to prove that I'm passionate and know about this," she told The Straits Times.

Lee will donate the money collected to a social cause that is focused on community health.

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Gaelic had been the major culture in Scotland. But many forces tried to weaken its power. The final straw came in 1609, when some laws required Highland Scottish leaders to send their children to English-speaking schools. Naturally, the culture continued to weaken through the 20th century. Though Gaelic still existed in some rural areas, a lack of jobs meant young people in Gaelic areas were leaving for English-speaking cities.

Iain Noble was a wealthy businessman from Germany. He quickly fell in love with Gaelic culture when he moved to Scotland. So he set up the college of Sabhal Mòr Ostaig in 1973 on the Isle of Skye. Today, it has more than 1,000 students and is officially the National Centre for Gaelic Language and Culture. It is where the revival of Scotland's Gaelic culture started.

Of course, the college teaches the language and culture. But the secret to making such impressive cultural achievements is giving language learners skills in industries like media and business. The skills allow students to create local jobs and help make the area known to tourists.

Noble's wife Lady Lucilla said his eagerness to revive the culture was clear. After spending much money setting up the college, Noble had to go to great lengths to find worthwhile teachers. Sometimes he tied hard to find people who had left Skye, "Iain would invite those whose families were from Skye but who were working in Aberdeen, in London and further afield," said Lucilla.

"Now I've seen some cool youngsters who are very proud of their Gaelic, and they are fascinated by the culture," she said.

One such youngster is 15-year-old Emily Macdonald. She not only speaks Gaelic fluently with her friends, but is excited to do so.

"I feel like we're even more wanting to speak Gaelic, just to keep it alive, because it is really important to our nation," she said. "And to have this special language that we can speak to each other in is quite special."

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As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little Gentoo penguins longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.

Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time totake the plunge.

After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. "I just decided I wanted to go," she says. "I had no idea about what I'd find there and I wasn't nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way. "

In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she'd never met before, to begin the journey towards Antarctica. "From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an impression on me that no other place has," Ginni says. "I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the operatic sounds it was making underwater. "

The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.

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    Fabien Cousteau was born with deep love for the ocean. His grandfather and his father were ocean explorers and documentary filmmakers. Fabien spent his early years on his grandfather's ships. Today Fabien follows in his family's footsteps to protect the planet's endangered ocean life. With his vast knowledge and experience, he tries to strike a balance between environmental problems and market economies.

    Fabien is well known for his study of sharks. During 2000-2002, he created a TV special called Attack of the Mystery Shark based on the shark attacks that occurred along the New Jersey shoreline in the summer of 1916. Then in 2003-2006, with the help of a large crew, Fabien created a shark submarine (潜艇) that enabled him to put himself inside the shark world, providing people with a rare view of the mysterious and often misunderstood creatures.

    For the next four years (2006-2010), Fabien was part of a series called, Ocean Adventures, which offered a rare look into some of the most fantastic ocean species (物种) and environments.

    In 2010, Fabien started Plant A Fish, a nonprofit project for children to help restore local water ecosystems by replanting key ocean species. Save the world, one fish at a time. The project is still in progress now and its final goal is to plant 1 billion "fish" worldwide.

    From June 1 to July 2, 2014, Fabien and his team spent 31 days underwater to research how climate change and pollution are affecting the oceans. Fabien's Mission 31 broke new ground by going deeper, longer and further, exposing (显露) the world to the adventure and the mystique (神秘) of what lies beneath.

    Fabien is currently working on a documentary film about the adventures of Mission 31, as well as building an Ocean Learning Center to provide children around the world with the opportunity to learn about oceans and engage with ocean explorers directly through social media.