浙江省杭州"六县九校"联盟2021-2022学年高二下学期期中联考英语试题

Women Who Changed Science Forever

Ellen Ochoa (May 10, 1958–)

Ellen Ochoa is an American engineer and retired astronaut. Born in Los Angeles, California, Ochoa was the first Latina woman to fly in space as part of the crew of the shuttle Discovery in 1993. In 1990, Ochoa was selected to astronaut candidacy as part of Group 13, a group of twenty-three NASA astronauts, and became an astronaut a year later. Her first spaceflight was aboard Discovery as a mission specialist and lasted nine days, in which the five-person crew conducted scientific experiments and deployed a research satellite to study the solar corona.

Mamie Phipps Clark (April 18, 1917–August 11, 1983)

Mamie Phipps Clark was an American social psychologist, who specialized in child development in Black children. Born in Arkansas, Clark drew on her early experiences as a black child in the segregated (种族隔离) American South to help children growing up with the same inequalities. She initiated the famous Doll Test, which showed that Black children in segregated schools were more likely to prefer dolls with white complexions and yellow hair while discarding the brown dolls with black hair and assigning negative traits to them. Her husband, Kenneth, used their research to argue for school integration in the

1954 Supreme Court Case Brown v. Board of Education. This was the first time that social science was used in a Supreme Court case.

Katsuko Saruhashi (March 22, 1920–September 29, 2007)

Geochemist Katsuko Saruhashi was born in Tokyo on 22 March,1920. She developed Saruhashi's Table, a method for measuring CO2 using pH, temperature, and chlorinity, which has become a global standard. Saruhashi broke new ground in her study of ocean-borne nuclear contamination following the nuclear weapons test the United States undertook on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Saruhashi's research played an important role in limiting nuclear proliferation (扩散) around the world, thanks to the signing of the 1963 treaty.

Gabby Goodwin and her mother, Rozalynn, had a problem: Even after careful styling, barrettes (发夹) kept slipping out of the 5-year-old's hair. Gabby hated losing bows, and her mom was tired of buying replacements. As Rozalynn shared her frustration with other parents on social media, someone suggested that the Goodwins try creating their own barrettes.

"I was super excited," said Gabby, now 14. "I was nagging (唠叨) my mom every single day about these barrettes." Gabby's persistence persuaded her mother, and they began to deal with the problem.

First they examined Gabby's hair bows to see why they were falling out. Then they came up with a design for a double-face, double-snap barrette that attaches securely to hair.

When the Goodwins first showed their design to business investors, it was rejected. The product wasn't the right fit or the business plan wasn't good, companies told them. The setbacks made Gabby more determined.

Gabby and her mother didn't give up, and in 2014 they began selling the bows online. The barrettes were so popular that the Goodwins received a patent. Today Gabby is chief of Confidence by GaBBY Goodwin, and the barrettes--called GaBBY Bows--are available online and in 74 Target stores across the country. In 2018 Black Enterprise selected Gabbyas its Teenpreneur of the year. The following year, Gabby and Rozalynn set up a virtual academy to help girls learn business skills.

If you watch Gabby deliver a speech on a Facebook video, it's hard to imagine the South Carolina eighth-grader as anything other than confident. But learning to be the public face of her company was "really hard at first," she said.

Over the years, with a lot of practice speaking to audiences, Gabby grew more comfortable in her role.

She offers this advice to kids: "Keep doing what you're passionate about, then you'll be able to grow in confidence."

Sleep apnea is when you have pauses in breathing while you're asleep. These pauses can last from seconds to minutes. You may have difficulty breathing a few times or dozens of times an hour. These breathing pauses can be dangerous if they cause the oxygen level in your body to drop or disturb your sleep. When oxygen drops, your brain does whatever it can to get you toresumebreathing. And then you may snore (打鼾), gasp, or make a choking sound.

Sleep apnea is a common disorder. Anyone can develop it. "Sleep apnea can occur in both sexes, in all races, and in people of all sizes and shapes," says Dr. Michael Twery, a sleep expert.

So, how can you tell whether you may have this disorder? One of the most common symptoms is excessive (过多的) daytime sleepiness. "Anyone who feels so tired on a regular basis — even if they allow enough time to get enough sleep on a regular basis and they still feel this way — needs to discuss it with their doctor," says Twery.

Another common symptom is loud, frequent snoring. But not everyone who snores has sleep apnea.

Other symptoms of sleep apnea may include feeling impatient or depressed, or having mood swings. You may have memory problems or trouble concentrating. Or, you may wake up with a headache or a dry mouth.

Your doctor can diagnose sleep apnea based on your symptoms. A sleep study, which records things like heart rate and oxygen level while you sleep, can show whether apnea is mild or severe. "The largest amount of the population with sleep apnea has mild sleep apnea," Twery explains. "Mild sleep apnea may or may not be associated with any daytime symptoms. People who are so sleepy that they're at risk of a driving accident are probably in the moderate (中等的) to severe range."

Orbital structures are becoming increasingly important for worldwide communications and a new generation of technologies. But scientists are warning that the danger of space debris (碎片) is rapidly increasing. Space debris can include pieces of old rockets, non-operational satellites, lost tools and other items. They present a risk to spaceships, satellites and space stations.

In an effort to reduce the amount of debris orbiting the Earth, a group of economists at the University of Colorado at Boulder proposed a yearly fee, or tax, on satellite operators for their use of an orbital path. The group's study on the subject appeared recently in the publication Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Matthew Burgess helped write the study. He said in a statement: "Space is a common resource, but companies aren't accounting for the cost their satellites impose (迫使) on other operators when they decide whether or not to launch. So we need a policy that lets satellite operators directly factor in the costs their launches impose on other operators."

Akhil Rao was the lead writer of the study. He said most of the proposed answers to the problem have been based on using technology to clear away the debris. But, Burgess said, removing debris only means that operators will launch more satellites, and an international treaty calling for a yearly fee or tax would push companies to be more mindful about launching further objects into space.

Christopher Newman is a professor of space law at Northumbria University in Britain. He said that imposing a space tax could be tricky. Newman noted that such a cost could be seen as a restriction on the free use of space, and the effort to place a fee on the use of space could easily be slowed by the many details involved.

Five Daily Habits to Keep You Focused and Healthy at College

Are you struggling to stay focused this semester? There is always something going on for college students, including school projects, time spent with friends, and extracurricular activities. Below are five essential daily habits that can keep you going strong at college.

Express Gratitude

One of the keys to happiness is to express gratitude for the things you have already accomplished. Things as small as enjoying delicious food with your friends and having access to higher education can be your starting points for this powerful daily habit.

Get Enough Sleep

Sufficient sleep is a great way to maintain a focused and healthy lifestyle. Just like you set an alarm to wake up in the morning, try setting an alarm for yourself to go to sleep at night. One of my friends tried this.

Try it and reap the benefits of improving your memory, creativity, and stamina.

Exercise

To boost your mental and physical strength, you should have a short workout every morning.

But a 15- to 45-minute daily workout will make a huge difference in your life. It is the key to starting a productive day. Workouts also help your sleep by promoting deeper and longer sleep.

Set Social Media Limits

However, excessive use of these can lead to depression. According to the BBC, recent research has found that young people who spend more than two hours on social media every day are more likely to report poor mental health. You should schedule a certain time each day to check your feed.

Take Control of Your Finances

You must gain control over your money. To cut costs, I recommend buying secondhand textbooks, cutting out junk food from your diet, and avoiding eating out at restaurants as much as possible.

Besides, think about getting an on-campus job to earn some extra money.

When a man lies in a chair in a barbershop with a steaming, hot towel across in his face, he relaxes.

Going to the barbershop is a great opportunity for men to gather and1life stories. Men walk out feeling great2spending just an hour in this community setting and taking time for3.

Lorenzo Lewis considers that the barbershop is one of the few safe spaces where men feel4to express their feelings openly. In 2016, Lewis5The Confess Project, a community-led project that trains barbers as mental health advocates after years of struggling with his own mental health. It mainly reaches out to men who may be6to receive therapy (心理治疗) because it means opening up to a stranger in a clinical setting.

Matt Dillion, who owns a barbershop that7The Confess Project, explained why he8that the barbershop is the9place for men to open up. "This is our' country club'. There is fellowship (交情), and there's that wonderful10when you're around guys that have been through what you're going through."

Speaking about one's11and being listened to in an accepting way greatly12mental health. A study shows that when people share their feelings, they13to have strong immune systems.

The barbers support their clients in the moment,14trust and opening a pathway for communication. They encourage their15to seek support from therapists and other mental health professionals if necessary.

On the short-video platform Douyin, there used to be millions of (video) about eating.

In order to attract more viewers, some vloggers (视频博主) showed how they ate 36 rice dumplings in 15 minutes or 6.5 kg of noodles in one meal. What they did causedserious waste of food.

China started an "Empty Plate" activity in 2013. At that time, President Xi Jinping said, "Food waste is serious and (shock). Since a large number of people are still short food, food waste must be stopped".

So far many short-video and live-streaming platforms (take) part in the activity. enjoys wasting food will be fined by the platforms.

Some restaurants have taken steps, too. Customers in Hebei can take their leftovers home in takeout boxes which can be used in a microwave oven. In Hubei, people(encourage) to use "N-1 mode". It means that if they eat together, they should order dishes as though there was one fewer person in the group. In Shaanxi, some restaurants serve half portions to diners. The more good methods are developed, the (little) food will go to waste.

A nationwide "Clear Your Plate" activity against wasting food is getting popular online. Social media users are invited (share) photos of empty plates after finishing their meals.

People around the country are trying to stop (waste) food. What about you?

1）你推荐的路线；

2）推荐的理由。

注意：1）词数80左右；

2）可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

A bright sun setting, Sylvia was driving home her cow, a valued companion, wandering through the forest, and listening to birds' singing. Suddenly the air was cut by a sharp whistle not far away. Sylvie knew it wasn't a bird's whistle.

"Hello, little girl," a young man came into sight suddenly, "I've lost my way. Do you think I can spend the night at your house?" Sylvia was alarmed, but still agreed.

When they arrived, her grandma, Mrs. Tilley, welcomed the guest with hospitality. The man explained to them that he was an ornithologist (鸟类学者). "Do you cage them up?" Sylvia asked doubtfully. "Oh no," he answered enthusiastically, "I shoot dozens and dozens of them myself, and preserve them with special chemicals."

"Sylvia knows a lot about birds, too." Her grandmother said proudly.

"Really? I caught a glimpse of a very rare bird, a little white heron (苍鹭), which keeps me around. Have you seen it, too?" He gently asked, looking at Sylvia with some hope.

But Sylvia was watching a frog in the narrow footpath.

"It's a tall, white bird with soft feathers and long thin legs. It probably has its nest at the top of a tall tree." The man continued eagerly.

Sylvia's heart gave a wild beat. She knew that special white bird! She had seen it on the other side of the forest and had once approached softly near where it stood.

The young man added desperately, "I would give $100 to you."

Her grandma gave amazed attention to it, but Sylvia still watched the road.

The next day the young man hovered about the woods, and Sylvia kept him company, having lost her first fear. They had such a wonderful day to enjoy the birds' songs and the thick branches. She had never seen anyone so handsome and charming. A strange excitement filled her heart. Sylvia would have liked him better without his gun. She could not understand why he killed the birds he seemed to like so much. She felt her heart tremble every time he shot an unsuspecting bird as it was singing in the trees.

注意：

1）续写词数应为 150 左右

2）请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Para.1 At night, Sylvia stayed awake while her grandma and the young man were sound asleep.

Para.2 Suddenly Sylvia's dark grey eyes caught a flash of white that grew larger and larger.